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The conference aimed to take feedback from stakeholders and prepare a road map for rejuvenating the Ganga. Nepal has constructed many barrages excluding joint projects with India or pump houses to divert the lean season river flows for irrigation purpose. India being lower riparian state has right to claim share out of the river water flows from Nepal similar to India entered into river water sharing agreement with Bangladesh recognising it as lower riparian state.

For restoring the minimum environmental flows, it is difficult to identify nearly Tmcft storage reservoirs in the hilly region of Ganga basin in India as the river is flowing through steep valleys.

Already big storage reservoirs like Tehri and Ramganga are constructed at feasible locations. Manasarovar Lake's surface area is square kilometres sq mi , and its maximum depth is 90 m ft. It holds more than tmcft water in its top 13 meters depth. At present it is overflowing into nearby Lake Rakshastal which is a landlocked saltwater endorheic lake. The annual water inflows from the catchment area of Manasarovar lake located at 4, metres 15, ft above msl, can be diverted by gravity to the Karnali River basin of China through a kilometre long tunnel.

The diverted water available continuously can be used in China for hydroelectric power generation where the head drop available is in excess of meters over a 40 km long stretch.

This would be a joint project of China, Nepal and India for controlling river water pollution and making the Ganga river live and flowing throughout the year. With the diversion of Manasarovar lake water to Ganga basin, Lake Rakshastal would turn into a Soda lake with further increase in water salinity which is useful in abstracting the water-soluble chemicals on commercial scale. The fresh water inflows into Manasarovar lake can be augmented further substantially by gravity diversion of the inflows available from the major catchment area of Rakshastal lake to Manasarovar lake by constructing an earth dam isolating northern tip of Rakshastal lake where it is fed by its substantial catchment area and also connected to the Manasarovar lake.

Utilisation of Ganga and Bramhaputra flood waters to fight pollution in all rivers of India. The dike would be envisaged with gated barrages to pass to the sea the excess flood waters total mean annual flow bcm received from the Ganga, Brahmaputra , etc.

See Google earth maps for more geographical information. Further, water can be pumped into the Bagh reservoir and Upper Indravati reservoir located in Godavari River basin to transfer Ganga water into Godavari and Krishna river basins. The advantage of this scheme is that Ganga and Bramhaputra river waters can be stored on Bay of Bengal sea area and nearly bcm water 17, cumecs transferred throughout the year to other river basins including Ganga basin at optimum pumping head.

Nearly million tons million cubic meters of sediment annually from Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers is settling in the sea coast of Bangladesh and India and the sea area is shallow up to 20 m depth for 60 km wide on average. The presence of the protective sea dike makes sub sea soil dredging easier and economical through protection from rough sea waves.

This reclaimed area from the sea can be utilised for locating a megacity to cater to the modern needs of Bangladesh. This coastal dike would protect the Bangladesh from the wave and tidal activity during the frequent cyclones preventing human and property losses drastically and also from sea level rise due to global warming. Thus Bangladesh would also benefit immensely with this coastal reservoir project. The sea dike top level at 8 m above the mean sea level and 50 m wide at the top surface, would be nearly km long connecting Indian mainland to South east of Bangladesh forming transnational high way and rail route from the Indian subcontinent to East Asia up to Singapore and China.

Also this dike can be used as access way connecting deep sea ports located close to this dike. The proposed dike would be similar to the land reclamation of North Sea area called Delta Works in Netherlands.

The experience of the Saemangeum Seawall already constructed in South Korea which is 33 km long and with 36 meters average depth, can be utilised for this project which is a lesser challenging project. Locks arrangement similar to Panama canal would be provided for the movement of ships from the open sea to harbours located in Bangladesh and India.

The main purpose of the twin dikes is to prevent any sea water seepage into coastal reservoir as its water level is below the sea level. The water level between the dikes is always maintained up to 1 m above the sea level by pumping fresh water from the coastal reservoir to the m gap between the dikes.

The higher level water barrier between the two dikes fully eliminate any sea water seepage in to the coastal reservoir by establishing fresh water seepage to the sea. The km long, m gap between the two dikes is also used as deep water mega harbor for shipping, ship breaking, ship building, etc. For shipping purpose, the breakwater outer dike facing the sea is envisaged with few locks fitted with twin gates for access to the open sea.

The top surface of inner dike would serve as access to the main land from the mega harbor with rail and road links. The coastal reservoir whose full reservoir water level FRL is at 0. The cost of the total project including coastal reservoir, water pumping stations 60 GW , canal drop hydro power stations 15 GW , main canals, tunnels, aqueducts, barrages and distribution canals is estimated nearly 20 trillion lakhcroresINR at year prices.

The irrigation potential of the project alone is million acres with water supply throughout the year. It is a gigantic multi purpose project where cleaning of many major rivers of India not Ganga river alone from the water pollution is one of its purpose. Then the constitutive nature of the chapter topic is presented, followed by a link between mechanics and materials concepts.

Details of analysis and materials selection are subsequently discussed. Separate site areas are available for the instructor and students. Using a very methodological process to introduce mechanics, materials, and design issues in a manner called "total structural design", this book seeks a solution in "total design space" Features. Updated and reorganized, each of the topics covered in this text is thoroughly developed from fundamental principles.

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